Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida vya Kiingereza huunda wakati uliopita na umbo la tatu bila kuongeza -ed: go — went — gone, buy — bought — bought. Jedwali hili limevipanga katika makundi kulingana na jinsi maumbo yake yanavyobadilika. Ndani ya kundi, vitenzi hufuata mpangilio mmoja, hivyo unakumbuka kitenzi kipya kwa kukihusisha na mpangilio unaoujua badala ya kukikariri peke yake.
Lakini wengi wanajua jedwali na bado huandika I have went, Did you saw it?, The window was broke wanapotunga sentensi. Wamekariri maumbo, lakini hawajajifunza kuchagua linalofaa wakati wa kuandika. LetsWords hufundisha hilo hasa: unatunga sentensi kwa kutumia kitenzi, programu inaonyesha makosa ya umbo na sarufi, inapendekeza marekebisho na kuyaeleza, kisha marudio yenye nafasi kati yake huimarisha ulichojifunza.
Jedwali la vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida na tafsiri zake
Safu ya kwanza ina umbo la msingi, ya pili wakati uliopita (Past Simple), na ya tatu umbo la Past Participle (“umbo la tatu”).
Makundi: maumbo yote yanafanana · umbo la pili na la tatu yanafanana · maumbo yote yanatofautiana · umbo la kwanza na la tatu yanafanana.
Maumbo yote matatu yanafanana
Hili ndilo kundi rahisi zaidi: kitenzi hakibadiliki kabisa.
| Kitenzi | Past Simple | Past Participle | Tafsiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| cost | cost | cost | kugharimu |
| cut | cut | cut | kukata |
| hit | hit | hit | kupiga, kugonga |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | kuumiza, kuuma |
| let | let | let | kuruhusu |
| put | put | put | kuweka |
| quit | quit | quit | kuacha (kazi, tabia) |
| read | read | read | kusoma |
| set | set | set | kusanidi, kuweka |
| shut | shut | shut | kufunga |
| spread | spread | spread | kueneza, kuenea |
Maumbo ya read yanaandikwa sawa lakini yanatamkwa tofauti: [riːd] — [red] — [red].
Umbo la pili na la tatu yanafanana
Hili ndilo kundi kubwa zaidi. Ukijifunza wakati uliopita, unajua pia umbo la tatu. Ndani yake, ni rahisi kujifunza vitenzi kwa kuzingatia sauti zinazofanana: bring, buy, catch, fight, teach, think vyote hubadilika kuwa na -ought / -aught.
| Kitenzi | Past Simple | Past Participle | Tafsiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| bring | brought | brought | kuleta |
| buy | bought | bought | kununua |
| catch | caught | caught | kukamata, kuwahi |
| fight | fought | fought | kupambana, kupigana |
| teach | taught | taught | kufundisha |
| think | thought | thought | kufikiri |
| feel | felt | felt | kuhisi |
| keep | kept | kept | kuhifadhi, kuendelea |
| leave | left | left | kuondoka, kuacha |
| meet | met | met | kukutana |
| sleep | slept | slept | kulala |
| lead | led | led | kuongoza |
| feed | fed | fed | kulisha |
| mean | meant | meant | kumaanisha, kukusudia |
| build | built | built | kujenga |
| lend | lent | lent | kukopesha |
| send | sent | sent | kutuma |
| spend | spent | spent | kutumia (pesa, muda) |
| lose | lost | lost | kupoteza, kushindwa |
| make | made | made | kufanya, kutengeneza |
| pay | paid | paid | kulipa |
| say | said | said | kusema |
| lay | laid | laid | kuweka, kuandaa (meza ya chakula) |
| have | had | had | kuwa na |
| hear | heard | heard | kusikia |
| hold | held | held | kushika, kuendesha (mkutano) |
| find | found | found | kupata |
| sit | sat | sat | kuketi |
| stand | stood | stood | kusimama |
| understand | understood | understood | kuelewa |
| tell | told | told | kusimulia, kujulisha |
| sell | sold | sold | kuuza |
| win | won | won | kushinda |
| get | got | got (AmE gotten) | kupata, kuwa |
| light | lit | lit | kuwasha |
| hang | hung | hung | kuning’iniza |
| stick | stuck | stuck | kubandika, kukwama |
| shoot | shot | shot | kufyatua risasi, kupiga (picha, video) |
| learn | learned / learnt | learned / learnt | kujifunza, kupata habari |
Learnt hutumika katika Kiingereza cha Uingereza, huku Kiingereza cha Marekani kwa kawaida kikitumia learned. Maumbo yote mawili ni sahihi.
Maumbo yote matatu yanatofautiana
Vitenzi hivi vinahitaji kujifunza maumbo yote, lakini hata hapa kuna mipangilio inayojirudia. Begin, drink, ring, sing, swim hubadilisha irabu kwa mpangilio wa i — a — u: sing — sang — sung. Vitenzi vingi hupata -n katika umbo la tatu: take — taken, write — written, know — known.
| Kitenzi | Past Simple | Past Participle | Tafsiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been | kuwa |
| begin | began | begun | kuanza |
| drink | drank | drunk | kunywa |
| ring | rang | rung | kulia (kengele), kupiga simu |
| sing | sang | sung | kuimba |
| swim | swam | swum | kuogelea |
| do | did | done | kufanya |
| go | went | gone | kwenda |
| see | saw | seen | kuona |
| give | gave | given | kutoa |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | kusamehe |
| take | took | taken | kuchukua |
| eat | ate | eaten | kula |
| fall | fell | fallen | kuanguka |
| write | wrote | written | kuandika |
| drive | drove | driven | kuendesha, kusafiri kwa gari |
| ride | rode | ridden | kupanda (farasi, baiskeli) |
| rise | rose | risen | kupanda, kuongezeka |
| hide | hid | hidden | kuficha, kujificha |
| bite | bit | bitten | kuuma |
| speak | spoke | spoken | kuzungumza |
| break | broke | broken | kuvunja |
| choose | chose | chosen | kuchagua |
| steal | stole | stolen | kuiba |
| shake | shook | shaken | kutikisa, kupeana (mikono) |
| wake | woke | woken | kuamka, kuamsha |
| freeze | froze | frozen | kuganda |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | kusahau |
| know | knew | known | kujua |
| grow | grew | grown | kukua, kukuza |
| throw | threw | thrown | kutupa |
| blow | blew | blown | kuvuma, kupuliza |
| fly | flew | flown | kuruka |
| draw | drew | drawn | kuchora |
| show | showed | shown | kuonyesha |
| wear | wore | worn | kuvaa (nguo) |
| tear | tore | torn | kurarua |
| lie | lay | lain | kujilaza |
Umbo la kwanza na la tatu yanafanana
Kundi dogo: umbo la tatu linafanana na umbo la msingi. Kwa hiyo, kosa linalojirudia ni I have came, ilhali sahihi ni I have come.
| Kitenzi | Past Simple | Past Participle | Tafsiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| come | came | come | kuja |
| become | became | become | kuwa |
| run | ran | run | kukimbia, kuendesha |
Umbo gani litumike wapi
Umbo ulilokariri halitasaidia ukilitumia mahali pasipofaa. Kanuni nne zinatosha.
- Umbo la pili hutumika tu katika sentensi yakinishi za wakati uliopita. I went to the gym yesterday.
- Baada ya did na didn’t, tumia umbo la msingi. Wakati uliopita tayari umeonyeshwa na did, hivyo hauonyeshwi tena: Did you go?, I didn’t go.
- Baada ya have, has, had, tumia umbo la tatu. I have gone, She has written, We had left.
- Katika kauli ya kutendwa na kama kivumishi, tumia pia umbo la tatu. The window was broken, a broken window, It was written in 1990.
Makosa ya kawaida, hata baada ya kukariri jedwali
I have went to London.→ I have been to London. Baada ya have, unahitaji umbo la tatu: been ikiwa uliwahi kwenda huko, gone ikiwa umeenda huko na bado hujarudi. Went ni umbo la pili na hutumika bila kitenzi kisaidizi: I went to London last year.Did you saw the message?→ Did you see the message? Baada ya did, tumia umbo la msingi. Kosa hilo hilo hutokea katika ukanushi:I didn’t knew→ I didn’t know.The window was broke.→ The window was broken. Kauli ya kutendwa hutumia umbo la tatu.I laid on the sofa all evening.→ I lay on the sofa all evening. Hapa vitenzi viwili vimechanganywa: lie — lay — lain ni kulala au kujilaza, huku lay — laid — laid ni kuweka kitu: I laid the book on the table.I have drank too much coffee today.→ I have drunk too much coffee today. Umbo la pili na la tatu la drink, begin, swim, sing yanatofautiana kwa herufi moja, hivyo ni rahisi kuyachanganya.
Jozi nyingine zinazochanganywa mara nyingi: rise / raise, fell / felt, borrow / lend, win / beat, rob / steal.
Makosa haya yote hufanywa na watu wanaojua jedwali. Kukumbuka drink — drank — drunk kwa mpangilio ni rahisi, lakini kuchagua umbo linalofaa wakati wa kutunga sentensi ni ujuzi mwingine.
Jinsi ya kujifunza vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida ili uweze kuvitumia
- Jifunze kwa makundi, si kwa alfabeti. Anza na kundi ambalo maumbo yanafanana, kisha bring — brought — brought na vinavyofanana nayo, halafu mpangilio wa i — a — u. Hivyo kitenzi kipya kinajengeka juu ya mpangilio unaoufahamu tayari.
- Chukua vitenzi 5–7 kwa wakati mmoja. Unavyohitaji sasa vina manufaa zaidi kuliko vile vingine themanini.
- Andika mara moja sentensi kukuhusu kwa kutumia vitenzi hivyo. Si “go — went — gone”, bali I went to Nairobi last summer na I have never been to Japan. Hulstijn na Laufer walilinganisha kazi tatu zenye maneno mapya: kusoma, kusoma na kujaza nafasi zilizoachwa wazi, na kuandika insha. Maneno yalikumbukwa vizuri zaidi baada ya kuandika insha.
- Kumbuka bila kuangalia, badala ya kusoma tena. Funga jedwali na ukumbuke maumbo kutokana na tafsiri. Karpicke na Roediger walionyesha kwamba kurudia kutoa taarifa kwenye kumbukumbu husaidia kukumbuka ulichojifunza kwa muda mrefu.
- Kagua umbo unapotunga sentensi kwa kutumia kitenzi. Pengine hutagundua kosa kama I have went bila msaada: linaonekana sahihi kwa sababu went ni “wakati uliopita”. Uchanganuzi wa sentensi uliyoandika utalibainisha, na huo ndio msingi wa mazoezi ya LetsWords.
Mfano wa uchanganuzi katika LetsWords: choose baada ya have
Unajifunza choose na unaandika kukuhusu:
I have chose this university last year because of its business school.
Uchanganuzi unaonyesha nini. Kuna makosa mawili, na yote yanahusiana na umbo la kitenzi.
- Baada ya have, unahitaji umbo la tatu: chosen, si chose.
- Lakini Present Perfect haitumiki pamoja na wakati maalumu uliopita (last year). Hapa unahitaji Past Simple ya kawaida yenye umbo la pili.
Toleo lililorekebishwa:
I chose this university last year because of its business school.
Uchanganuzi unaeleza kanuni utakayoweza kutumia katika sentensi zinazofuata: tukio likihusishwa na wakati maalumu uliopita, tumia chose; ikiwa matokeo yake hadi sasa ndiyo muhimu, tumia have chosen:
I have chosen a topic for my thesis, so now I can start writing.
Kwenye jedwali ungeweza kutaja maumbo yote matatu ya choose kwa usahihi na bado usione kosa. Limeonekana ulipotumia kitenzi mwenyewe.
Kwa nini ni rahisi zaidi kujifunza vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida katika LetsWords
Jedwali, kadi za kukariri na maswali ya “chagua umbo sahihi” hufundisha utambuzi: machaguo tayari yako mbele yako, unahitaji tu kupata lililo sahihi. Unapozungumza na kuandika, hakuna vidokezo; lazima uchague umbo mwenyewe wakati wa kueleza wazo. LetsWords hufundisha hilo hasa.
- Unatumia kitenzi mwenyewe. Unaandika sentensi yenye kitenzi kutoka kwenye mkusanyiko wako, kwa mfano kundi la jedwali unalojifunza sasa, na kupata uchanganuzi: je, umbo ni sahihi, muundo mwingine unahitajika, na unaweza kusemaje kwa namna ya kawaida zaidi? Uchanganuzi unaeleza kosa kwa Kiswahili, unaweza kuwa mfupi au wa kina, na unazingatia lengo lako: mtihani au Kiingereza cha jumla.
- Huhitaji kutafuta wazo la kuandikia. Jenereta inapendekeza sentensi ya Kiswahili yenye kiwango cha ugumu ulichochagua, kisha unaitafsiri kwa kutumia kitenzi kinachohitajika.
- Kitenzi kinarudi hadi umbo lake liwe la kawaida kwako. Unaporudia, unaona tafsiri, unakumbuka kitenzi bila kuonyeshwa, na kuandika sentensi mpya ukikitumia. Marudio yenye nafasi kati yake hukirudisha baada ya mapumziko.
- Vitenzi na maneno unavyochagua vinakuwa pamoja. Unaweza kuongeza vitenzi vya jedwali, vipindi vya televisheni na mawasiliano ya kazi kwenye mkusanyiko wako na kuvifanyia mazoezi kama msamiati mwingine katika programu ya msamiati ya LetsWords.
Hivyo, went, gone na been huacha kuchanganyika katika kuandika na kuzungumza, badala ya kuwa maumbo unayoweza kutaja kwa mpangilio sahihi tu. Makala kuhusu msamiati hai inaonyesha jinsi njia hii inavyofanya kazi kwa maneno yoyote.
Anza kufanya mazoezi ya vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida katika LetsWords. Unapoingia, jibu maswali kuhusu lengo na kiwango chako, kisha LetsWords itakuchagulia mazoezi. Unaweza kujaribu uchanganuzi kabla ya kulipa.