雅思题目很少直接写出“全球化”，但许多问题背后都有它。Writing Task 2 可能让你讨论：国际贸易究竟有利于较贫穷的国家，还是只让大企业受益；同样的品牌和电影遍布各地，是否会让地方传统消失；专业人才出国工作是不是好事。Speaking Part 3 中，考官可能问不同城市为什么卖着同样的商品，以及全世界是否应该说同一种语言。要准确回答，需要有关贸易、文化、移民与不平等的搭配，而不是含糊地说 the world is changing。
这个话题最明显的陷阱，是旧课本中的一个说法。Third World countries 可能看起来很中性，但在现代英语中显得过时，而且不少人认为它带有居高临下的意味。写全球化作文时，可以用 developing countries 或 low-income countries。第二个陷阱是介词：学习者常写 dependent from，而英语搭配是 dependent on。
下面介绍四个子话题中的 30 个搭配、常见误用，以及 LetsWords 对造句进行反馈的示例。其他考试话题见雅思话题词汇指南。
全球化：词汇与搭配
全球贸易与企业
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| the global economy | 作为整体的世界经济 | No country today can isolate itself from the global economy. |
| international trade | 国家之间的商品买卖 | International trade allows consumers to buy fruit grown on the other side of the world. |
| multinational corporations | 在多个国家经营的大型公司 | Multinational corporations employ people in dozens of countries. |
| remove trade barriers | 消除关税等贸易障碍 | Removing trade barriers made imported goods much cheaper. |
| outsource production | 将生产交给另一家公司，常指海外公司 | Many clothing brands outsource production to countries with lower wages. |
| cheap labour | 工资较低的劳动力 | Factories moved east in search of cheap labour. |
| attract foreign investment | 吸引其他国家企业的投资 | Low taxes helped the region attract foreign investment. |
| become increasingly interconnected | 相互联系越来越紧密 | National economies have become increasingly interconnected, so a crisis in one country quickly spreads to others. |
文化与认同
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| global brands | 在世界各地销售的品牌 | Global brands have made high streets in different countries look almost identical. |
| the spread of Western culture | 西方文化在其他地区的传播 | Critics blame Hollywood for the spread of Western culture at the expense of local cinema. |
| cultural identity | 一个群体独特的文化认同 | Language is a key part of a nation’s cultural identity. |
| cultural homogenisation | 不同文化变得越来越相似 | Cultural homogenisation is most visible in what young people eat, wear and watch. |
| adapt to local tastes | 调整产品以适应当地偏好 | Fast-food chains adapt their menus to local tastes, for example by serving rice dishes in Asia. |
| be exposed to other cultures | 接触其他文化 | Children who are exposed to other cultures tend to be more open-minded. |
| a global language | 在世界各地使用的语言 | English has become the global language of business and science. |
| the global village | 把相互连接的世界看作一个共同体，即地球村 | The internet has turned the world into a global village. |
跨越国界的人口流动
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| the free movement of people | 到其他国家居住和工作的自由 | The free movement of people allows nurses to work wherever they are needed. |
| migrant workers | 为工作而迁往另一国家的人 | Migrant workers send a large part of their earnings back home. |
| seek work abroad | 在国外寻找工作 | Thousands of young graduates seek work abroad every year. |
| brain drain | 技术或专业人才流向其他国家 | Brain drain deprives poorer countries of the doctors they trained. |
| study abroad | 出国学习 | More students than ever choose to study abroad. |
| international cooperation | 国家之间的合作 | Pandemics show that international cooperation is not optional. |
| tackle global problems | 应对影响全世界的问题 | Global problems such as climate change can only be tackled by countries working together. |
受益者与受损者
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| developing countries | 经济发展程度较低的国家 | Developing countries often rely on exports of raw materials. |
| open up to foreign trade | 开始对外开放贸易 | China began to open up to foreign trade in the late 1970s. |
| global supply chains | 在国际范围内生产和交付商品的网络 | The pandemic showed how fragile global supply chains can be. |
| exploit workers | 为获利而不公平地对待工人 | Some suppliers exploit workers by forcing them to do unpaid overtime. |
| job losses | 工作岗位的流失 | The closure of the steel plant led to thousands of job losses. |
| struggle to compete with | 难以与……竞争 | Small local shops struggle to compete with international chains. |
| be dependent on | 为生存或成功而依赖某物 | Many farmers are dependent on prices set on the world market. |
常见错误
Third world countries benefit from cheap imports.
正确：Developing countries benefit from cheap imports. Third World 这个术语源自冷战时期，如今听起来过时，也常带有居高临下的意味。学术写作中可以用 developing countries、low-income countries 或 poorer nations。
Nowadays countries are very dependent from each other.
正确：Nowadays countries are heavily dependent on each other 或 highly interdependent. Dependent 与 depend 后面都接 on，与 rely on 一样。Dependent from 是全球化作文中的常见错误。
Globalisation has a strong influence to local cultures.
正确：Globalisation has a strong influence on local cultures. 名词 influence、impact 和 effect 后面用 on：an impact on jobs、an effect on prices。这一结构见 have an impact 练习；affect 与 effect 的区别见 affect vs effect 练习。
Rich countries import a lot of cheap good from Asia.
正确：Rich countries import a lot of cheap goods from Asia. 这里说的是许多商品，需要用 goods：a lot of cheap goods。
LetsWords 如何解释这些错误
看表格时，每个词都很熟悉。真正动笔时，错误才会出现。下面是 LetsWords 中一道练习的过程。
假设你正在复习 cheap labour。LetsWords 用母语提示给出含义，你回想英文表达，再写一句关于全球贸易的话：
Many Western company move their factories in Asia because of cheap labour.
Cheap labour 选对了，但 LetsWords 的反馈仍会指出它周围的两个错误：
- company → companies：many 后面的可数名词需要用复数；
- in Asia → to Asia：这里表示工厂迁往亚洲，移动方向用 to；in 说明的是已经处于某个地方。
Many Western companies move their factories to Asia because of cheap labour.
几天后，这个表达会再次出现在复习中，你需要换一个情境使用它，例如写一段讨论谁从全球化中获益的文字。这样，词表中的搭配才会逐渐变成能凭记忆想起、并准确使用的表达。
注册时选择 IELTS 目标和水平，LetsWords 就会为你安排相应练习。付费前可以先体验反馈。
在 Writing Task 2 中使用这些搭配
一道符合考试形式的练习题：
Some people believe that globalisation benefits everyone, while others argue that it mainly helps rich countries and large companies. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
下面这个示例段落阐述第一种观点，并随即回应反对理由：
Supporters of globalisation argue that trade, rather than aid, has been the main route out of poverty for many poorer nations. When multinational corporations outsource production to developing countries, they create factory jobs and help these countries attract foreign investment. Vietnam is often cited as an example: since it began to open up to foreign trade, millions of its citizens have escaped poverty. Critics are right that such jobs are often poorly paid and that profits flow back to company headquarters. Nevertheless, for many workers a factory wage is still a significant improvement on subsistence farming, and the skills they gain allow the next generation to move into better-paid work.
这个段落为什么有效？ 题目要求讨论两种观点，这一段公平地阐述其中一种，同时没有停留在概述：先承认批评者的反对理由，再用 Nevertheless 作进一步权衡。它没有含糊地写 big companies help poor countries，而是建立因果链：生产转移，带来工厂岗位，再带来投资和摆脱贫困的机会。越南的例子让论点具体、有说服力。话题术语都以准确的搭配出现，没有堆砌生僻词。
在 Speaking 中使用
一道 Part 3 问题：
Do you think globalisation is making cultures around the world too similar?
示例回答：
To some extent, yes. You can find the same global brands and coffee chains in almost every big city, and teenagers everywhere watch the same series. But I don’t think local traditions are disappearing. In my country, for example, people still celebrate traditional holidays, and some young people are actually more interested in their cultural identity precisely because they’re exposed to other cultures online.
回答先直接回应问题，再补充对比和生活中的例子。这样的展开就能满足 Part 3 的需要：有话题词汇，听起来也像交谈，而不是背诵作文。
免费练习
- have an impact：用正确的介词表达影响；
- affect vs effect：连英语使用者也容易混淆的动词与名词；
- economic vs economical：与经济有关，还是节省开支；
- take advantage of：利用机会，或利用别人的弱点；
- play a role：在全球经济中发挥作用；
- go abroad：出国时不多加一个 to；
- nevertheless：用于回应反对理由的连接词。
从词表走向实际运用
词表能帮助你在阅读中认出 brain drain，但写作文时，你需要独立想起搭配，并且像 dependent on 这样用对介词。可以通过 LetsWords 把词表变成实际练习：选择适合水平的 IELTS 词集，再把本页的搭配加入词集，例如 outsource production 或 cultural identity。你根据含义回想表达，用它写一个句子；LetsWords 指出错误，用母语解释修改方法，并建议更准确的说法，间隔重复则安排表达再次出现，让用法逐渐熟练。全球化词汇同样能用于 Writing：IELTS Writing 专区的家庭与文化话题提供年轻人为何对传统失去兴趣的 Task 2 题目，社会话题则有网络社区与面对面交流的比较；每篇完整回答都会得到围绕四项评分标准的详细反馈。注册时回答几个关于目标和水平的问题，LetsWords 就会安排练习；付费前可以体验反馈。更多话题见雅思话题词汇指南。