Maswali mengi ya IELTS yanahusu utandawazi hata kama hayataji neno hilo moja kwa moja. Katika Writing Task 2 unaweza kujadili kama biashara ya kimataifa inanufaisha nchi maskini au makampuni makubwa pekee, kama mila zinapotea kwa sababu chapa na filamu zilezile zipo kila mahali, au kama kuhamia ng’ambo kwa wataalamu ni jambo zuri. Katika Speaking Part 3 unaweza kuulizwa kwa nini miji tofauti inauza bidhaa zinazofanana, au kama dunia nzima itumie lugha moja. Majibu sahihi yanahitaji msamiati wa biashara, utamaduni, uhamiaji na kutokuwepo kwa usawa; the world is changing pekee haisemi mengi.
Mtego mmoja unatoka katika vitabu vya zamani: Third World countries. Hata kama unaifahamu kama istilahi isiyo na hisia, inaweza kusikika imepitwa na wakati na yenye kudharau. Katika insha, chagua maelezo yanayolingana na kundi unalolizungumzia, kama developing countries au low-income countries. Mtego mwingine ni mdogo zaidi lakini unaojirudia: dependent from badala ya dependent on.
Hapa kuna michanganyiko 30 katika mada ndogo nne, makosa yanayojirudia na mfano wa jinsi LetsWords inavyokagua sentensi. Mada nyingine ziko kwenye msamiati wa IELTS kwa mada.
Msamiati na michanganyiko kuhusu utandawazi
Biashara ya kimataifa na makampuni
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| the global economy | uchumi wa dunia kwa ujumla | No country today can isolate itself from the global economy. |
| international trade | ununuzi na uuzaji kati ya nchi | International trade allows consumers to buy fruit grown on the other side of the world. |
| multinational corporations | makampuni makubwa yanayofanya kazi katika nchi nyingi | Multinational corporations employ people in dozens of countries. |
| remove trade barriers | kuondoa vizuizi vya biashara kama ushuru | Removing trade barriers made imported goods much cheaper. |
| outsource production | kuagiza kampuni nyingine, mara nyingi nje ya nchi, itengeneze bidhaa | Many clothing brands outsource production to countries with lower wages. |
| cheap labour | wafanyakazi wanaolipwa mishahara midogo | Factories moved east in search of cheap labour. |
| attract foreign investment | kuvutia fedha za uwekezaji kutoka nchi nyingine | Low taxes helped the region attract foreign investment. |
| become increasingly interconnected | kuunganishwa kwa karibu zaidi na zaidi | National economies have become increasingly interconnected, so a crisis in one country quickly spreads to others. |
Utamaduni na utambulisho
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| global brands | chapa zinazouzwa duniani kote | Global brands have made high streets in different countries look almost identical. |
| the spread of Western culture | kuenea kwa utamaduni wa nchi za Magharibi katika maeneo mengine | Critics blame Hollywood for the spread of Western culture at the expense of local cinema. |
| cultural identity | sifa zinazolitofautisha kundi kitamaduni | Language is a key part of a nation’s cultural identity. |
| cultural homogenisation | tamaduni kuzidi kufanana | Cultural homogenisation is most visible in what young people eat, wear and watch. |
| adapt to local tastes | kubadili bidhaa ili iendane na mapendeleo ya mahali | Fast-food chains adapt their menus to local tastes, for example by serving rice dishes in Asia. |
| be exposed to other cultures | kukutana na kujifunza kuhusu tamaduni nyingine | Children who are exposed to other cultures tend to be more open-minded. |
| a global language | lugha inayotumiwa sehemu nyingi za dunia | English has become the global language of business and science. |
| the global village | dunia inapoonekana kama jamii moja iliyounganishwa | The internet has turned the world into a global village. |
Watu wanaovuka mipaka
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| the free movement of people | uhuru wa kuishi na kufanya kazi katika nchi nyingine | The free movement of people allows nurses to work wherever they are needed. |
| migrant workers | watu wanaohamia nchi nyingine kwa kazi | Migrant workers send a large part of their earnings back home. |
| seek work abroad | kutafuta kazi katika nchi nyingine | Thousands of young graduates seek work abroad every year. |
| brain drain | kuondoka kwa watu wenye ujuzi kwenda nchi nyingine | Brain drain deprives poorer countries of the doctors they trained. |
| study abroad | kusoma katika nchi nyingine | More students than ever choose to study abroad. |
| international cooperation | nchi kufanya kazi pamoja | Pandemics show that international cooperation is not optional. |
| tackle global problems | kushughulikia matatizo yanayoathiri dunia nzima | Global problems such as climate change can only be tackled by countries working together. |
Wanaonufaika na wanaopoteza
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| developing countries | nchi ambazo uchumi wake bado haujaendelea sana | Developing countries often rely on exports of raw materials. |
| open up to foreign trade | kuanza kuruhusu biashara na nchi nyingine | China began to open up to foreign trade in the late 1970s. |
| global supply chains | mtandao wa kimataifa wa kuzalisha na kusafirisha bidhaa | The pandemic showed how fragile global supply chains can be. |
| exploit workers | kuwatendea wafanyakazi isivyo haki ili kupata faida | Some suppliers exploit workers by forcing them to do unpaid overtime. |
| job losses | kutoweka kwa nafasi za kazi | The closure of the steel plant led to thousands of job losses. |
| struggle to compete with | kuwa na ugumu wa kushindana na | Small local shops struggle to compete with international chains. |
| be dependent on | kuhitaji kitu ili kuendelea au kufanikiwa | Many farmers are dependent on prices set on the world market. |
Makosa yanayojirudia
Third world countries benefit from cheap imports.
Sahihi: Developing countries benefit from cheap imports. Third World ni istilahi yenye asili katika Vita Baridi. Katika matumizi ya sasa inaweza kusikika ya zamani au yenye kudharau. Katika maandishi ya kitaaluma, developing countries, low-income countries au poorer nations inaweza kufaa zaidi, kutegemea hasa kundi unalokusudia.
Nowadays countries are very dependent from each other.
Sahihi: Nowadays countries are heavily dependent on each other au highly interdependent. Dependent na depend hufuatwa na on, kama rely on. Usihamishe kihusishi cha lugha nyingine na kuandika dependent from.
Globalisation has a strong influence to local cultures.
Sahihi: Globalisation has a strong influence on local cultures. Nomino influence, impact na effect hufuatwa na on: an impact on jobs, an effect on prices. Jizoeze muundo huu katika have an impact, na tofauti ya kitenzi na nomino katika affect vs effect.
Rich countries import a lot of cheap good from Asia.
Sahihi: Rich countries import a lot of cheap goods from Asia. Hapa unazungumzia bidhaa nyingi, kwa hiyo muundo ni goods: a lot of cheap goods.
LetsWords inaelezaje makosa haya?
Unaposoma jedwali, maneno yote yanaweza kuonekana yanafahamika. Unapoandika ndipo makosa yanapojitokeza. Huu ni mfano wa kazi katika LetsWords.
Unarudia cheap labour. Unaona maana, unakumbuka usemi wa Kiingereza, kisha unaandika kuhusu biashara ya kimataifa:
Many Western company move their factories in Asia because of cheap labour.
Umechagua cheap labour vizuri, lakini maoni ya LetsWords kwa lugha yako ya mama yanaona makosa mawili katika sehemu zinazouzunguka:
- company → companies: baada ya many, nomino inayohesabika huwa katika wingi;
- in Asia → to Asia: hapa to inaonyesha mahali viwanda vinapohamishiwa; in ingeonyesha mahali vilipo.
Many Western companies move their factories to Asia because of cheap labour.
Baada ya siku kadhaa, usemi unarudi kwenye marudio. Unautumia katika hali nyingine, kwa mfano aya kuhusu wanaonufaika na utandawazi. Hivyo unajizoeza kuutoa kwenye kumbukumbu na kuutumia bila kurudia kosa lilelile.
Anza mazoezi yenye maelezo ya makosa
Unapojiandikisha, chagua IELTS kama lengo na kiwango chako ili LetsWords iandae mazoezi. Unaweza kujaribu ukaguzi kabla ya kulipa.
Kutumia msamiati huu katika Writing Task 2
Zoezi lenye muundo wa mtihani:
Some people believe that globalisation benefits everyone, while others argue that it mainly helps rich countries and large companies. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Aya ya mfano inayoweka mtazamo wa kwanza na kujibu pingamizi:
Supporters of globalisation argue that trade, rather than aid, has been the main route out of poverty for many poorer nations. When multinational corporations outsource production to developing countries, they create factory jobs and help these countries attract foreign investment. Vietnam is often cited as an example: since it began to open up to foreign trade, millions of its citizens have escaped poverty. Critics are right that such jobs are often poorly paid and that profits flow back to company headquarters. Nevertheless, for many workers a factory wage is still a significant improvement on subsistence farming, and the skills they gain allow the next generation to move into better-paid work.
Kwa nini aya hii inafanya kazi. Swali linaomba pande zote mbili. Aya inaeleza upande mmoja kwa haki, lakini haiishii kuurudia: inakubali pingamizi la wakosoaji na kulipima kwa kutumia Nevertheless. Badala ya big companies help poor countries, kuna mnyororo wa sababu na matokeo: kuhamisha uzalishaji → ajira viwandani → uwekezaji → kupunguza umaskini. Mfano wa Vietnam unafanya hoja iwe mahususi. Istilahi za mada ziko katika michanganyiko sahihi bila mrundikano wa maneno adimu.
Kutumia maneno haya katika Speaking
Swali la Part 3:
Do you think globalisation is making cultures around the world too similar?
Jibu la mfano:
To some extent, yes. You can find the same global brands and coffee chains in almost every big city, and teenagers everywhere watch the same series. But I don’t think local traditions are disappearing. In my country, for example, people still celebrate traditional holidays, and some young people are actually more interested in their cultural identity precisely because they’re exposed to other cultures online.
Jibu linaanza kwa kujibu swali moja kwa moja, kisha linaongeza tofauti na mfano wa maisha halisi. Hilo linafaa kwa Part 3: msamiati wa mada upo, lakini sauti inabaki ya mazungumzo badala ya insha iliyokaririwa.
Fanya mazoezi bila malipo
- have an impact: kuleta athari kwa kihusishi sahihi;
- affect vs effect: kitenzi na nomino zinazochanganywa hata na wazungumzaji wa Kiingereza kama lugha ya kwanza;
- economic vs economical: kuhusiana na uchumi au kuokoa gharama;
- take advantage of: kutumia fursa au udhaifu wa mtu;
- play a role: kuwa na mchango katika uchumi wa dunia;
- go abroad: kwenda ng’ambo bila to ya ziada;
- nevertheless: kiunganishi cha kujibu pingamizi.
Kutoka kwenye orodha hadi matumizi
Orodha inaweza kukusaidia kutambua brain drain, lakini katika insha unahitaji kukumbuka maneno na kutumia kihusishi sahihi, kama dependent on. Endelea na LetsWords: tumia mkusanyiko wa IELTS wa kiwango chako na uongeze michanganyiko kama outsource production au cultural identity. Unakumbuka usemi kutokana na maana, unaandika sentensi, kisha unakagua kosa na maelezo yake kwa lugha yako ya mama. Marudio ya vipindi yanarudisha usemi kwenye mazoezi.
Msamiati wa utandawazi unatumika pia katika Writing. Sehemu ya IELTS Writing ina maswali ya Task 2 kuhusu kupungua kwa hamu ya vijana kwa mila katika mada ya familia na utamaduni, na jumuiya za mtandaoni dhidi ya mawasiliano ya ana kwa ana katika mada ya jamii. Kila jibu kamili linapata ukaguzi wa vigezo vyote vinne. Unapojiandikisha, unajibu maswali kuhusu lengo na kiwango ili mazoezi yaandaliwe, na unaweza kujaribu ukaguzi kabla ya kulipa. Mada nyingine ziko kwenye msamiati wa IELTS kwa mada.