Uhalifu ni mada inayojitokeza mara nyingi katika IELTS Writing Task 2. Unaweza kuulizwa kama vifungo virefu vinapunguza uhalifu, kama ni bora kuwaadhibu wakosaji au kuwasaidia kurekebisha maisha, kwa nini vijana wanavunja sheria, na nani ashughulikie tatizo: polisi, shule au familia. Katika Speaking Part 3 unaweza kueleza usalama wa jiji lako na namna ya kuwasaidia vijana wasijiingize katika uhalifu.
Mtego wa kwanza ni neno lenyewe. Criminality lina matumizi yake, lakini unapozungumzia uhalifu wa jiji kwa kawaida utahitaji crime au the crime rate: Crime has risen, The crime rate has fallen. Pia, kosa la jinai hutendwa kwa commit a crime, si make au do katika mchanganyiko huu. Mahakama ikimpa mtu kifungo cha miaka mitano, kitenzi ni sentence, si judge. Unaweza kujua kila neno na bado ukakosea namna ya kuyaunganisha.
Hapa kuna michanganyiko 27 katika mada ndogo nne, makosa ya matumizi na mfano wa ukaguzi wa sentensi katika LetsWords. Lengo ni maneno yanayotimiza kazi katika hoja, si orodha ya maneno yanayoonekana magumu tu. Mada nyingine ziko kwenye msamiati wa IELTS kwa mada.
Msamiati na michanganyiko kuhusu uhalifu na sheria
Makosa ya jinai na kiwango cha uhalifu
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| commit a crime | kutenda kosa la jinai | Many people who commit a crime for the first time are under twenty-five. |
| petty crime | makosa madogo ya jinai kama wizi wa dukani | Petty crime such as shoplifting often goes unreported. |
| violent crime | uhalifu unaohusisha ukatili au madhara ya mwili | Violent crime attracts far more media attention than fraud. |
| the crime rate | kiwango cha uhalifu katika eneo | When the crime rate rises, residents stop feeling safe in their own streets. |
| youth crime | uhalifu unaotendwa na vijana | Youth crime is often linked to boredom and a lack of local facilities. |
| turn to crime | kuanza kufanya uhalifu | Teenagers with no education or work are more likely to turn to crime. |
| get away with it | kuepuka adhabu baada ya kufanya kosa | If offenders believe they can get away with it, fines will not stop them. |
Polisi na mahakama
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| break the law | kutenda jambo kinyume cha sheria | Even people who break the law deserve a fair trial. |
| enforce the law | kuhakikisha watu wanafuata sheria | The police cannot enforce the law effectively without public trust. |
| law enforcement | utekelezaji wa sheria na vyombo vinavyoufanya | Cuts to law enforcement can leave whole districts unprotected. |
| be convicted of | kupatikana na hatia mahakamani | People convicted of minor offences should not lose the right to work. |
| stand trial | kushtakiwa na kesi kusikilizwa mahakamani | Politicians accused of corruption must stand trial like anyone else. |
| be sentenced to | kupewa adhabu na mahakama | He was sentenced to two years in prison for fraud. |
| serve a sentence | kutumikia kipindi cha kifungo kilichoamuliwa | Many prisoners serve their sentences without any education or training. |
Adhabu na urekebishaji wa tabia
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| a harsh punishment | adhabu kali sana | Harsh punishments may satisfy the public but rarely change behaviour. |
| act as a deterrent | kuzuia watu kutenda kwa kuwaogopesha matokeo | Long prison terms are supposed to act as a deterrent to potential offenders. |
| the death penalty | adhabu ya kifo | Opponents of the death penalty point out that courts can make mistakes. |
| community service | kazi isiyolipwa kwa manufaa ya jamii kama adhabu badala ya kifungo | For first-time offenders, community service is often more useful than prison. |
| rehabilitate offenders | kuwasaidia wakosaji kurudi katika maisha yanayofuata sheria | Prisons should rehabilitate offenders, not simply keep them away from society. |
| reoffend | kutenda uhalifu tena | Prisoners who learn a trade are less likely to reoffend. |
| a repeat offender | mtu anayerudia makosa ya jinai | Judges usually give repeat offenders longer sentences. |
| a criminal record | kumbukumbu rasmi ya makosa ya jinai ya mtu | A criminal record can make it almost impossible to find a job. |
Sababu na kinga
| Usemi | Maana | Mfano |
|---|---|---|
| tackle crime | kukabiliana na uhalifu | Tackling crime requires cooperation between schools, families and the police. |
| address the root causes | kushughulikia sababu za msingi za tatizo | Longer sentences do not address the root causes of crime, such as poverty. |
| crime prevention | hatua za kuzuia uhalifu kabla haujatokea | Crime prevention is far cheaper than keeping someone in prison for years. |
| crack down on | kuchukua hatua kali dhidi ya | The city decided to crack down on street drug dealing. |
| peer pressure | shinikizo kutoka kwa watu wa rika moja | Peer pressure can push teenagers into shoplifting or vandalism. |
Makosa yanayojirudia
The crime rate has raised in recent years.
The crime rate has risen in recent years.
Idadi inapoongezeka, tumia rise, ambayo katika muundo huu ni has risen. Kitu kinaposababisha ongezeko, tumia raise, kama raise taxes.
The court judged him to five years in prison.
The court sentenced him to five years in prison.
Kitenzi cha kuamua kifungo ni sentence to. Judge inaweza kuwa kuunda maoni au kuamua kesi, lakini haifuatiwi na kipindi cha miaka kwa muundo huu.
Young offenders should not be sent to the prison for minor crimes.
Young offenders should not be sent to prison for minor crimes.
Unapomaanisha kufungwa kama adhabu, hakuna the: go to prison, be in prison, kwa namna inayofanana na go to school. The inaweza kurejelea jengo mahususi, kama visit the prison.
Criminals should be punished more hardly.
Criminals should be punished more severely.
Hardly ina maana ya “karibu kutotokea”, kwa hiyo haielezi ukali unaokusudiwa. Tumia more severely au more harshly kuonyesha adhabu kali zaidi.
LetsWords inaelezaje makosa haya?
Unaposoma jedwali, kila neno linaweza kuonekana linafahamika. Makosa hujitokeza unapoyatumia kuandika. Huu ni mfano wa kazi katika LetsWords.
Unarudia commit a crime. Unaona maana, unakumbuka usemi wa Kiingereza, kisha unaandika kuhusu uhalifu wa vijana:
Teenagers make crimes because they are boring and have nothing to do after school.
Maoni ya LetsWords kwa lugha yako ya mama yanaonyesha makosa mawili:
- make crimes → commit crimes: mchanganyiko unaohitajika hapa ni commit a crime;
- boring → bored: bored inaeleza hisia ya kuchoshwa, huku boring ikieleza kitu au mtu anayewachosha wengine. They are boring hivyo inaweka tabia hiyo kwa vijana badala ya kueleza wanavyohisi.
Teenagers commit crimes because they are bored and have nothing to do after school.
Baada ya siku kadhaa, usemi unarudi kwenye marudio. Unautumia katika hali nyingine, kwa mfano jibu la Speaking kuhusu usalama wa jiji lako. Hivyo unajizoeza kuutoa kwenye kumbukumbu na kuutumia kwa usahihi.
Anza mazoezi yenye maelezo ya makosa
Unapojiandikisha, chagua IELTS na kiwango chako ili LetsWords iandae mazoezi. Unaweza kujaribu ukaguzi kabla ya kulipa.
Kutumia msamiati huu katika Writing Task 2
Swali lenye muundo wa mtihani:
In many countries, governments spend more on prisons than on programmes for young people. Some argue that this money would reduce crime more effectively if it were invested in education and job training for teenagers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Aya ya mfano:
Investing in young people is likely to reduce crime more effectively than building new prisons. Many teenagers who turn to crime have no qualifications, no work and nothing to do, so programmes that offer training address the root causes of the problem. Prisons, by contrast, often make matters worse: young people who serve a sentence alongside experienced criminals frequently reoffend after release, and a criminal record then closes the door to legal employment. A long prison sentence may act as a deterrent to some, but a place on a training course gives a teenager a reason not to break the law in the first place. Spending on youth programmes is therefore a form of crime prevention, not a reward for bad behaviour.
Sentensi ya kwanza inajibu swali mara moja, jambo muhimu kwa Task Response. Kila mchanganyiko unaosaidia hoja una kazi: kueleza kujiingiza katika uhalifu kwa turn to crime, suluhisho kwa address the root causes, na matatizo ya kifungo kwa serve a sentence, reoffend na a criminal record. Hoja pinzani inakubaliwa kwa may… but na kujibiwa mara moja. Hakuna haja ya maneno adimu: Lexical Resource inatathmini usahihi na kufaa kwa maneno, si ugumu wake pekee.
Kutumia maneno haya katika Speaking
Swali la Part 3: Why do you think some young people get involved in crime?
I think it’s mostly about opportunities, or the lack of them. In areas with high unemployment, some teenagers simply see no future, and peer pressure does the rest: if your friends are shoplifting, it’s hard to say no. And if they get away with it the first time, it quickly becomes a habit. So I’d say crime prevention should start with schools and youth clubs, not with the police.
Katika Speaking, maneno ya mazungumzo kama does the rest na I’d say yanaweza kutumika kawaida, huku msamiati wa mada ukiendelea kuwa sahihi.
Fanya mazoezi bila malipo
- break the law: kutenda kinyume cha sheria;
- break the rules: kutofuata kanuni;
- get away with: kuepuka adhabu;
- rob vs steal: kitenzi kinachofuatwa na mtu au na kitu kilichoibiwa;
- hard vs hardly: kwa juhudi au karibu kutofanyika;
- catch red-handed: kumkamata mtu akifanya kosa;
- take steps: kuchukua hatua za kutatua tatizo.
Kutoka kwenye orodha hadi matumizi
Kujua kwamba mahakama sentences mtu badala ya judges katika maelezo ya kifungo hakutoshi. Katika mtihani unahitaji kukumbuka mchanganyiko na kuutumia bila kutafsiri kila neno. Endelea na LetsWords: fanya mazoezi ya IELTS ya kiwango chako na uongeze michanganyiko kama rehabilitate offenders na address the root causes. Unakumbuka usemi kutokana na maana, unaandika sentensi, kisha unakagua kosa na maelezo yake kwa lugha yako ya mama. Marudio ya vipindi yanarudisha usemi kwenye mazoezi.
Baadaye tumia msamiati katika maandishi kamili. Sehemu ya IELTS Writing ina maswali ya Task 2 kuhusu uhalifu na sheria, ikiwemo vifungo, urekebishaji wa tabia, makosa madogo na kamera za uangalizi. Kila jibu kamili linapata ukaguzi wa vigezo vyote vinne. Unapojiandikisha, unajibu maswali kuhusu lengo na kiwango ili mazoezi yaandaliwe; unaweza kujaribu ukaguzi kabla ya kulipa. Mada nyingine ziko kwenye msamiati wa IELTS kwa mada.